- Hem
- Om universitetet
- Hitta person
- Johan Boman
Johan Boman
Senior rådgivare
Sektionen för hållbarhetProfessor emeritus
Institutionen för kemi och molekylärbiologiOm Johan Boman
Kontaktuppgifter
Medicinaregatan 7B (forskning) och Rosenlundsgatan 4 (sektionen för hållbarhet)
Forskning
J. Bomans forskning vid Göteborgs universitet (GU) ligger i skärningspunkten mellan miljövetenskap, fysik och kemi, med särskild inriktning på luft- och livskvalitet i stadsområden i låg- och medelinkomstländer. Många av projekten är inriktade på tillämpning av energidispersiv röntgenfluorescens (EDXRF) analysteknik. Detta är en icke-förstörande, multi-element teknik där grundämnen kan detekteras ner till pikogram-nivåer. Han arrangerade workshops i Göteborg (2014) och Nairobi (2015) om luft- och livskvalitetsutveckling i Nairobi och andra städer i Afrika söder om Sahara. Finansierad av Göteborg Luft- och Klimatnätverk (GAC). I maj 2013 gav han en doktorandkurs i atmosfärsvetenskap vid Centrum för miljövetenskap, Addis Abebas universitet, Etiopien och medverkade i det VR-finansierade samarbetsprojektet "Fotokemisk Smog i Kina - Strategier för formation, omvandling, konsekvens och minskning".
Han ledde de svenska parterna i det EU-finansierade Erasmus + Kunskapsalliansprojektet "Kompetenser för en hållbar socioekonomisk utveckling" (CASE) (2015-2017) där ett nytt master-program utarbetades och online hållbarhetsverktyg utvecklades. Han samordnade hållbarhetskopplingen i utbildningen på naturvetenskapliga fakulteten vid GU och arbetade med liknande uppgifter som en del av teamet vid Centrum för hållbar utveckling (GMV) i Göteborg.
Han har publicerat över 150 granskade artiklar i internationella tidskrifter.
Uppdrag
- Chefredaktör för tidskriften X-Ray Spectrometry
- Utvärderar internationella forskningsprojektförslag
- Outstanding peer reviewer 2020 för Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
- Medarrangör av European Aerosol Conference 2019
- Medlem i European X-ray Spectrometry Association
- Huvudarrangör och ordförande för den Europeiska EXRS-konferensen i Göteborg, i juni 2016
- Ordförande för den lokala organisationskommittén och medlem av den vetenskapliga kommittén för World Environmental Education Congress i Göteborg, i juni 2015
- Huvudarrangör och ordförande för 13th TXRF-konferensen i Göteborg, i juni 2009
- Ledamot i styrgruppen för Chalmers Fakultetsklubb, Göteborg, 2007 - 2017
- Arrangör av workshop om "miljöutmaningarna i Egypten - Bedömning av vissa oorganiska föroreningar i Kairos luft med röntgenfluorescenstekniker" i Kairo, Egypten. 2010 och 2012
Hållbar utveckling
Arbetar som senior rådgivare i sektionen för hållbarhet på enheten GU fastighet och hållbar utveckling. Support i lärande för hållbar utveckling för lärare vid universitetet.
-
Source Apportionment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Pretoria, South
Africa
Chantelle Howlett-Downing, Johan Boman, Peter Molnár, Joyce Shirinde, Janine Wichmann
ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS - 2024 -
Environmental and health risks of potentially toxic elements in ambient PM10in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
A. A. Shaltout, M. W. Kadi, O. H. Abd-Elkader, Johan Boman
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - 2024 -
PM2.5 in Cape Town, South Africa: Chemical characterization and source apportionment using dispersion-normalised positive matrix
factorization
Anna Alfeus, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Philip K. Hopke, Janine Wichmann
Atmospheric Pollution Research - 2024 -
Source apportionment of fine atmospheric particles in Bloemfontein, South Africa, using positive matrix
factorization
Deidre van der Westhuizen, Chantelle Howlett-Downing, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Janine Wichmann, Karel G. von Eschwege
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT - 2024 -
Case-crossover study for the association between increased hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and the increase in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound trace elements in Pretoria, South
Africa
C. Howlett-Downing, Johan Boman, Peter Molnár, J. Shirinde, J. Wichmann
International Journal of Environmental Health Research - 2023 -
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Potentially Toxic Elements in PM10 Collected in Jeddah City, Saudi
Arabia
A. A. Shaltout, M. W. Kadi, O. H. Abd-Elkader, Johan Boman
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - 2023 -
PM2.5 at a semi-rural site near Beijing,
China
Johan Boman, M. Langer, X. Y. Pei, S. Guo, Ravi K. Pathak, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, M. Hu, Mattias Hallquist
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2023 -
Essential trace elements in the African spider plant (Cleome gynandra). A case study in Molo Ward, Nakuru,
Kenya
Nelon K. Rotish, Michael J Gatari, Patrick Kareru, Johan Boman
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2023 -
Inhalation health risk assessment of ambient PM2.5 and associated trace elements in Cape Town, South
Africa
A. Alfeus, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, J. Shirinde, J. Wichmann
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment - 2022 -
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Characterization, Air Quality Level and Origin of Air Masses in an Urban Background in
Pretoria
Adewale Adeyemi, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Janine Wichmann
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - 2022 -
Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Bloemfontein, South
Africa
Deidré van der Westhuizen, Chantelle Howlett-Downing, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Janine Wichmann, Karel G. von Eschwege
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry - 2022 -
Characterization, sources, and atmospheric transformation of a few key short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) at a rural super-site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of
India
Jai Prakash, Harsh Raj Mishra, Kalyan Mitra, Bhilok Chandra, Mattias Hallquist, Gazala Habib, Geetam Tiwari, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Johan Boman, Håkan Pleijel, Ravi K. Pathak
Environmental Science: Atmospheres - 2022 -
Synthesis of Cyano-Benzylidene Xanthene Synthons Using a Diprotic Brønsted Acid Catalyst, and Their Application as Efficient Inhibitors of Aluminum Corrosion in Alkaline
Solutions
M. A. Amin, G. A. M. Mersal, M. M. El-Hendawy, A. A. Shaltout, A. Badawi, Johan Boman, A. A. Gobouri, M. Saracoglu, F. Kandemirli, R. Boukherroub, J. Ryl, M. E. Khalifa
Molecules - 2022 -
Elemental Variability of PM2.5 Aerosols in Historical and Modern Areas of Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
Mohammed A. Amin, Safaa S. M. Ali, Dhaifallah R. Almalawi, Ali Badawi, Gaber A. M. Mersal, Johan Boman, Abdallah A. Shaltout
Atmosphere - 2022 -
XRS reviewer award editorial
2022
Johan Boman, Liqiang Luo
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2022 -
PM2.5 Chemical Composition and Geographical Origin of Air Masses in Pretoria, South
Africa
Chantelle Howlett-Downing, Johan Boman, Peter Molnár, Joyce Shirinde, Janine Wichmann
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution - 2022 -
Non-Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide-Supported 2-Picolyamine-Based Zinc(II) Complexes as Novel Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen
Production
Mohammed A. Amin, Gaber A.M. Mersal, Abdallah A. Shaltout, Ali Badawi, Hamdy S. El-Sheshtawy, Manash R. Das, Johan Boman, Mohamed M. Ibrahim
Catalysts - 2022 -
Assessment of essential micronutrient levels in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Kenya by total reflection X-ray
fluorescence
M. Nguli, M. J. Gatari, K. Shepherd, L. Njenga, Johan Boman
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2022 -
Study of half metallic ferromagnetism and thermoelectric properties of spinel chalcogenides BaCr2X4 (X 1/4 S, Se, Te) for spintronic and energy
harvesting
G. A. M. Mersal, H. Alkhaldi, G. M. Mustafa, Q. Mahmood, A. Mera, S. Bouzgarrou, A. Badawi, A. A. Shaltout, Johan Boman, M. A. Amin
Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&T - 2022 -
Source apportionment of fine atmospheric particles using positive matrix factorization in Pretoria, South
Africa
Adewale Adeyemi, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Janine Wichmann
Environmental Monitoring & Assessment - 2021 -
High levels of fine particulate matter (Pm2.5) concentrations from burning solid fuels in rural households of Butajira,
Ethiopia
Mulugeta Tamire, Abera Kumie, Adamu Addissie, Mulugeta Ayalew, Johan Boman, Susann Skovbjerg, Rune Andersson, Mona Lärstad
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health - 2021 -
Chemical and Hygroscopic Characterization of Surface Salts in the Qaidam Basin: Implications for Climate Impacts on Planet Earth and
Mars
Wanyu Liu, Jun Li, Luis Santos, Johan Boman, Xiying Zhang, Mingjin Tang, Sen Wang, Xiangrui Kong
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry - 2021 -
Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South
Africa
Karl Kilbo Edlund, Felicia Killman, Peter Molnár, Johan Boman, Leo Stockfelt, J. Wichmann
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health - 2021 -
Exploring the structural and optical properties of FeS filled graphene/PVA blend for environmental-friendly
applications
Ali Badawi, Gaber A.M. Mersal, Abdallah A. Shaltout, Johan Boman, Mohammed Alsawat, Mohammed A. Amin
Journal of Polymer Research - 2021 -
Monitoring Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Urban Centers: New Insights from Douala,
Cameroon
Aguh Akeh Nug, Cheo Emmanuel Suh, Johan Boman, Godwin Sendze Yinda
Athens Journal of Sciences - 2021 -
Sexuella övergrepp och svält används som vapen i
Etiopien
Anna Nordén, Kristina Mohlin, Susanna Olai, Thomas Sterner, Sverker C. Jagers, Johan Boman, Rune Andersson, Christian Munthe
Dagens ETC - 2021 -
Elemental Composition of PM2.5 Aerosol in a Residential–Industrial Area of a Mediterranean
Megacity
Abdallah A. Shaltout, Johan Boman, Salwa K. Hassan, Asmaa M. Abozied, Emad A. Al-Ashkar, Omar H. Abd-Elkader, M. A. Yassin, J. H. Al-Tamimi
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - 2020 -
Designing a sustainability-driven entrepreneurship curriculum as a social learning process: A case study from an international knowledge alliance
project
J Cincera, P. Biberhofer, B Binka, Johan Boman, L. Mindt, M. Rieckmann
Journal of Cleaner Production - 2018 -
Joint CASE Report on Cooperation between higher education institutions and companies and Evaluation of regional
pilots
Johanna Bernhardt, Gabriela Schaad, Johan Boman, Michael Ambros, Jan Činčera, Petra Biberhofer
2017 -
Illustrating the CASE-Master Program on Sustainability-driven Entrepreneurship -
25 Service Learning and other Innovative
Projects
-
Identification of elemental composition of PM2.5 collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using
EDXRF
Abdallah A. Shaltout, Johan Boman, Mohammad E. Alsulimane
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2017 -
Preface to the Special Issue of the 2016 European Conference on X-ray
Spectrometry
Johan Boman
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2017 -
Photochemical smog in China: scientific challenges and implications for air-quality
policies
Mattias Hallquist, John Munthe, Min Hu, Tao Wang, Chak K. Chan, Jian Gao, Johan Boman, Song Guo, Åsa M. Hallquist, Johan Mellquist, Jana Moldanava, Ravi K. Pathak, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Håkan Pleijel, David Simpson, Marie Thynell
National Science Review - 2016 -
CASE Needs Analysis. Summary. Findings on Competencies for Sustainability-driven Entrepreneurship. Based on interviews with partners from sustainability-driven enterprises and
universities.
J Bernhardt, C Lindtner, S Elsen, P Biberhofer, C Rammel, D Schmelz, M Rieckmann, L Bockwoldt, M Ambros, J Cincera, P Orsáková, M Cerny, Johan Boman
2016 -
Joint CASE Report on Content and Methods for the Joint Master Program on Sustainability-driven
Entrepreneurship
P Biberhofer, L Bockwoldt, M Rieckmann, M Ambros, C Rammel, C Lintner, J Bernhardt, J Činčera, P Bernatíková, B Binka, E Fraňková, Johan Boman, Mikael Olsson, E Lundgren, K Brunner , M Medek
2016 -
Environmental implications of high metal content in soils of a titanium mining zone in
Kenya
David M. Maina, Douglas M. Ndirangu, Michael M. Mangala, Johan Boman, Keith Shepherd, Michael J. Gatari
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - 2016 -
Characterization of Size-Fractionated Particulate Matter and Deposition Fractions in Human Respiratory System in a Typical African City: Nairobi,
Kenya
Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, Johan Boman, Michael J Gatari, Annemarie Wagner, Sara Kluge-Jonsson
Aerosol and Air Quality Research - 2016 -
Mass, black carbon and elemental composition of PM2.5 at an industrial site in Kingston,
Jamaica
Johan Boman, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reseach B - 2015 -
Spectroscopic investigation of PM2.5 collected at industrial, residential and traffic sites in Taif, Saudi
Arabia
Abdallah Shaltout, Johan Boman, Zuhair F. Shehadeh, Dhaif-allah R. Al-Malawi, O.M. Hemeda, Mohamed M. Morsy
Journal of Aerosol Science - 2015 -
Source apportionment and seasonal variation of PM2.5 in a Sub-Saharan African city: Nairobi,
Kenya
Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, Johan Boman, Michael J Gatari, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Sara Janhäll
Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics - 2014 -
Method development for the determination of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in PM2.5 particles sampled in industrial and urban areas of Greater Cairo, Egypt, using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrometry
Abdallah A. Shaltout, Johan Boman, Bernhard Welz, Ivan N.B. Castilho, Emad A. Al Ashkar, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita
Microchemical journal - 2014 -
Impact of relative humidity and water soluble constituents of PM2.5 on visibility impairment in Beijing,
China
Jing Chen, Shasha Qiu, Jing Shang, Ossima M.F. Wilfrid, Xingang Liu, Hezhong Tian, Johan Boman
Aerosol and Air Quality Research - 2014 -
Physical and chemical characterisation of PM emissions from two ships operating in European Emission Control
Areas
Jana Moldanová, Erik Fridell, Hulda Winnes, Sofi Holmin-Fridell, Johan Boman, A. Jedynska, V. Tishkova, B. Demirdjian, S. Joulie, H. Bladt, N.P. Ivleva, R. Niessner
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques - 2013 -
The Linnaeus-Palme Exchange program — A program evaluation report for the period
2006-2012
Johan Boman, Novelette McKnight, Åke Nilsson, Lennart Sjölin
2013 -
On the elemental composition of PM2.5 in central Cairo,
Egypt
Johan Boman, Abdallah Shaltout, Asmma Abozied, Salwa Hassan
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2013 -
Elemental Composition of PM2.5 Particles Sampled in Industrial and Residential Areas of Taif, Saudi
Arabia
Abdallah Shaltout, Johan Boman, Dhaif-allah Al-Malawi, Zuhair Shehadeh
Aerosol and Air Quality Research - 2013 -
Eco-labelling of courses and programs at University of
Gothenburg
Johan Boman, Ulf Andersson
Journal of Cleaner Production - 2013 -
Intra-urban air pollution in a rapidly growing Sahelian
city
Jenny Lindén, Johan Boman, Björn Holmer, Sofia Thorsson, Ingegärd Eliasson
Environmental International - 2012 -
Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell
lines.
Anette Kocbach Bølling, Annike Irene Totlandsdal, Gerd Sällsten, Artur Braun, Roger Westerholm, Christoffer Bergvall, Johan Boman, Hans Jørgen Dahlman, Maria Sehlstedt, Flemming Cassee, Thomas Sandstrom, Per E Schwarze, Jan Inge Herseth
Particle and fibre toxicology - 2012 -
Urban climate and air pollution in Ouagadougou, Burkina
Faso
Jenny Lindén, Sofia Thorsson, Johan Boman, Björn Holmer
2012 -
Elemental composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Skopje, FYR of
Macedonia
Borka Kovacevik, Annemarie Wagner, Johan Boman, J. Laursen, Jan B. C. Pettersson
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2011 -
ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENT WITH X-RAY
FLUORESCENCE
Johan Boman, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Michael J Gatari, Annemarie Wagner, Peter Molnár
Advances in X-ray Analysis - 2011 -
Trace elements in PM2.5 in Gothenburg,
Sweden
Johan Boman, Annemarie Wagner, Michael J Gatari
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy - 2010 -
Inorganic and black carbon aerosol concentrations at a high altitude on Mt
Kenya
Michael J Gatari, W. Kimani, Johan Boman, Jan B. C. Pettersson
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2009 -
Characterization of aerosol particles at an industrial background site in Nairobi,
Kenya
M. J. Gatari, Johan Boman, Annemarie Wagner
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2009 -
Analysis of urban aerosol paricles by
XRF
Johan Boman
Spectroscopy Europe - 2009 -
A tentative study of urban and suburban fine particles (PM2.5) collected in Ouagadougou, Burkina
Faso
Johan Boman, Jenny Lindén, Sofia Thorsson, Björn Holmer, Ingegärd Eliasson
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2009 -
Elemental content of PM2.5 aerosol particles collected in Göteborg during the Göte-2005 campaign in February
2005
Johan Boman, Michael J Gatari, Sara Janhäll, Ardhendu Sekhar Shannigrahi, Annemarie Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., - 2009 -
Elemental content of aerosol particles in an underground tram
station
Johan Boman, Maria Luisa Carvalho de, Mina B. Alizadeh, Parisa Rezaievar, Annemarie Wagner
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2009 -
Elemental content of PM2.5 aerosol particles collected in Göteborg during the Göte-2005 campaign in February
2005
Johan Boman, Michael J Gatari, Sara Janhäll, Ardhendu Sekhar Shannigrahi, Annemarie Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss - 2008 -
Elemental analysis of size-fractionated particulate matter sampled in Göteborg,
Sweden
Annemarie Wagner, Johan Boman, Michael J Gatari
Spectrochimica Acta B - 2008 -
Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 trace elements at homes, preschools and schools in Stockholm,
Sweden
Peter Molnár, Tom Bellander, Gerd Sällsten, Johan Boman
Journal of Environmental Monitoring - 2007 -
Elemental concentrations in air, water, and aquatic biota in two rural provinces in northern
Vietnam
Annemarie Wagner, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Johan Boman
Chemistry and Ecology - 2007 -
Study of trace elements and soot in aerosols from a coal-fired power plant in northern
Vietnam.
Karina Bianca Lewerissa, Johan Boman
Environmental monitoring and assessment - 2007 -
The effect of long-range transported fine particles trace elements on personal exposures and indoor
levels.
Gerd Sällsten, Peter Molnár, Sandra Johannesson, Johan Boman, Lars Barregård
Epidemiology - 2006 -
Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general
population.
Peter Molnár, Sandra Johannesson, Johan Boman, Lars Barregård, Gerd Sällsten
Journal of environmental monitoring - 2006 -
The MAPK Hog1p modulates Fps1p-dependent arsenite uptake and tolerance in
yeast.
Michael Thorsen, Yujun Di, Carolina Tängemo, Montserrat Morillas, Doryaneh Ahmadpour, Charlotte Van der Does, Annemarie Wagner, Erik Johansson, Johan Boman, Francesc Posas, Robert Wysocki, Markus J. Tamás
Molecular biology of the cell - 2006 -
Cesium as a tracer for alkali processes in a circulating fluidized bed
reactor
Maria Svane, Magnus Hagström, Kent Davidsson, Johan Boman, Jan B. C. Pettersson
Energy & Fuels - 2006 -
Assessment of inorganic content of PM(2.5) particles sampled in a rural area north-east of Hanoi,
Vietnam.
Michael J Gatari, Johan Boman, Annemarie Wagner, Sara Janhäll, Jan Isakson
The Science of the total environment - 2006 -
Domestic wood burning and PM2.5 trace elements: Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor
levels
Peter Molnár, Pernilla Gustafson, Sandra Johannesson, Johan Boman, Lars Barregård, Gerd Sällsten
Atmospheric Environment - 2005 -
Chemical characterization of the urban aerosol during
GÖTE-2005
Mattias Hallquist, Johan Boman, Magnus Hagström, S Hasegawa, Sara Janhäll, Sarka Langer, E Nemitz, E Norton, Jan B. C. Pettersson, Ardhendu Sekhar Shannigrahi, H.-A Synal, S Szidat, Maria Svane, R Thomas, Karl Espen Yttri
abstracts EAC 2005 - 2005 -
Chemical characterization of the urban aerosol during
GÖTE-2005
Mattias Hallquist, Patrik U Andersson, Johan Boman, Allan Emrén, Magnus Hagström, S Hasegawa, Sara Janhäll, Sarka Langer, Evert Ljungström, E Nemitz, K. Frans G. Olofson, Jan B. C. Pettersson, H.-A Synal, S Szidat, Ardhendu Sekhar Shannigrahi, Maria Svane, R Thomas, Karl Espen Yttri
Abstracts of the Nordic Society for Aerosol Research Symposium, Göteborg, Sweden - 2005 -
Trace element categorization of pollution sources in the equator town of Nanyuki,
Kenya
Michael J Gatari, Johan Boman, David M Maina
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2005 -
Elemental characterization of aerosols in urban and rural locations in
Bangladesh
Johan Boman, Michael J Gatari, Annemarie Wagner, M. I Hossaini
X-Ray Spectrometry - 2005 -
Elemental composition of tropospheric aerosols in Hanoi, Vietnam and Nairobi,
Kenya.
Michael J Gatari, Annemarie Wagner, Johan Boman
The Science of the total environment - 2005 -
Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 trace elements and black smoke in a residential wood burning
area
Peter Molnár, Pernilla Gustafson, Sandra Johannesson, Lars Barregård, Gerd Sällsten, Johan Boman
Journal of AerosolScience - 2004 -
Analysis of organic substances and trace elements in aerosol samples using Fourier transform infra-red and total reflection X-ray fluorescence methods, initial
experiments
Mattias Hallquist, Johan Boman
Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy - 2004 -
Biomonitoring of trace elements in Vietnamese freshwater
mussels
Annemarie Wagner, Johan Boman
Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy - 2004