Kritiska perspektiv på digitala diskurser

1. What are LLMs?

Chiang, Ted. “ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web.” The New Yorker, February 9, 2023. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web.

Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 610–23. FAccT ’21. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.

Denning, Peter J. “The Smallness of Large Language Models.” Communications of the ACM, September 1, 2023, 24–27. https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/the-smallness-of-large-language-models/

Optional

Bunz, Mercedes. “The Calculation of Meaning: On the Misunderstanding of New Artificial Intelligence as Culture.” Culture, Theory and Critique 60, no. 3–4 (October 2, 2019): 264–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2019.1667255.

Gastaldi, Juan Luis. “Why Can Computers Understand Natural Language?” Philosophy & Technology 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 149–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00393-9.

Hayles, N. Katherine. “Inside the Mind of an AI: Materiality and the Crisis of Representation.” New Literary History 54, no. 1 (2022): 635–66.

Taylor, Paul. “Stochastic Parrots.” LRB Blog, February 12, 2021. https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2021/february/stochastic-parrots.

Campolo, Alexander, and Katia Schwerzmann. “From Rules to Examples: Machine Learning’s Type of Authority.” Big Data & Society 10, no. 2 (2023): 20539517231188725. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231188725.

Readings for presentations

Bajohr, Hannes. “Dumb Meaning: Machine Learning and Artificial Semantics.” IMAGE The Interdisciplinary Journal of Image Sciences 37, no. 1 (n.d.): 58–70.

Bender, Emily M., and Alexander Koller. “Climbing towards NLU: On Meaning, Form, and Understanding in the Age of Data.” In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, edited by Dan Jurafsky, Joyce Chai, Natalie Schluter, and Joel Tetreault, 5185–98. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.463.

2. ML, AI and Us

LeCun, Yann, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton. “Deep Learning.” Nature 521, no. 7553 (May 2015): 436–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539.

Amoore, Louise, Alexander Campolo, Benjamin Jacobsen, and Ludovico Rella. “A World Model: On the Political Logics of Generative AI.” Political Geography 113 (August 1, 2024): 103134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103134.

Optional

Lecun, Yann. “A Path towards Autonomous Machine Intelligence,” June 27, 2022. https://openreview.net/pdf?id=BZ5a1r-kVsf.

Select Lecture Sources

Doshi, Anil R., and Oliver P. Hauser. “Generative AI Enhances Individual Creativity but Reduces the Collective Diversity of Novel Content.” Science Advances 10, no. 28 (July 12, 2024): eadn5290. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290.

Bates, David W. An Artificial History of Natural Intelligence: Thinking with Machines from Descartes to the Digital Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2024. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo212878817.html.

Aguera y Arcas, Blaise. “Do Large Language Models Understand Us?” Medium (blog), December 16, 2021. https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-large-language-models-understand-us-6f881d6d8e75.

Readings for Presentations

Chiang, Ted. “Anxiety Is the Dizziness of Freedom.” In Exhalation: Stories. New York: Knopf, 2019.

Shaviro, Steven. “Why I Am Not A Musician.” Alienocene 14 (2024). https://alienocene.com/2024/08/06/why-i-am-not-a-musician/?fbclid=IwY2xjawEm-wNleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHYBiYc4kL14BEqByjXPqz09FMXcZea4yIqQ6raWbrbdBYNPkRW8tBbKANQ_aem_0z0n62w9C-Wmcuwfp3GCNQ.

3. AI Against Us

Bajohr, Hannes. “Whoever Controls Language Models Controls Politics.” In Training the Archive, edited by Inke Arns, 189–95. Cologne: Walther König, 2024. https://hannesbajohr.de/en/2023/04/08/whoever-controls-language-models-controls-politics/.

Kirschenbaum, Matthew. “Prepare for the Textpocalypse.” The Atlantic (blog), March 8, 2023. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/03/ai-chatgpt-writing-language-models/673318/.

Aradau, Claudia, and Mercedes Bunz. “Dismantling the Apparatus of Domination?: Left Critiques of AI.” Radical Philosophy, no. 212 (2022): 10–18. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/dismantling-the-apparatus-of-domination.

Optional

Cuenco, Michal. “We Must Declare Jihad Against A.I.” Compact, April 28, 2023. https://www.compactmag.com/article/we-must-declare-jihad-against-a-i/.

Millière, Raphaël, and Cameron Buckner. “A Philosophical Introduction to Language Models -- Part I: Continuity With Classic Debates,” 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2401.03910.

Readings for Presentations

Rozado, David. “RightWingGPT – An AI Manifesting the Opposite Political Biases of ChatGPT.” Substack newsletter. Rozado’s Visual Analytics (blog), February 16, 2023. https://davidrozado.substack.com/p/rightwinggpt.

Abel, Luther Ray. “Announcing NR’ss ChatBot: RightWingGPT.” National Review, March 28, 2024. https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/announcing-nrs-chatbot-rightwinggpt/.

Safiya Umoja Noble. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: NYU Press, 2018.

Kissinger, Henry A., Eric Schmidt, and Daniel Huttenlocher. The Age of AI: And Our Human Future. London: John Murray Publishers, 2021.

Schmidt, Eric. “AI, Great Power Competition & National Security.” Daedalus 151, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 288–98. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01916.

Ignatius, David. “Kissinger: We Must Limit AI’s Potential for Destruction.” The Washington Post, November 25, 2011, a17.

“Eine Frage Der Macht: Henry Kissinger, Eric Schmidt und Daniel Huttenlocher über KI.” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 2, 2022.

Akst, Daniel. “Five Best Books to Read to Get Smart About AI - WSJ.” The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/five-best-books-ai-24428966.

Sabnavis, Maden. “Book Review: The Age of AI and Our Human Future by Henry A Kissinger, Eric Schmidt & Daniel Huttenlocher.” Financial Express, January 2, 2022. https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-book-review-the-age-of-ai-and-our-human-future-by-henry-a-kissinger-eric-schmidt-daniel-huttenlocher-2395897/.

Hartung, William. “An AI Hell on Earth - FPIF.” Foreign Policy In Focus, June 25, 2024. https://fpif.org/an-ai-hell-on-earth/.

Thornhill, John. “The Age of AI and Our Human Future — a Technological Triple Threat.” Financial Times, October 27, 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/5aa09af9-cd6c-46b6-a1be-e37ad1e33758.

4. Critical AI

Bratton, Benjamin. “The Five Stages Of AI Grief.” Noema, June 20, 2024. https://www.noemamag.com/the-five-stages-of-ai-grief.

Beguš, Nina. “‘Chapter 5: Machine Writing’ in Artificial Humanities: A Fictional Perspective on Language in AI,” May 2024.

Optional

Raley, Rita, and Jennifer Rhee. “Critical AI: A Field in Formation.” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575021.

Dobson, James E. “On Reading and Interpreting Black Box Deep Neural Networks.” International Journal of Digital Humanities 5, no. 2 (2023): 431–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42803-023-00075-w.

Readings for Presentation

Beguš, Nina. Artificial Humanities: A Fictional Perspective on Language in AI, May 2024.

Select Lecture Sources

Pinar Saygin, Ayse, Ilyas Cicekli, and Varol Akman. “Turing Test: 50 Years Later.” Minds and Machines 10, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 463–518. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011288000451.

Turing, A. M. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59, no. 236 (1950): 433–60.

5. Ethics of Writing with AI

Hayles, N. Katherine. “‘Don’t Ban AI from Your Writing Classroom; Require It!’” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 259–65. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092870.

Bunz, Mercedes “Thinking through Generated Writing.” OSF, June 23, 2023. https://doi.org/10.33767/osf.io/4th3x.

Select Lecture Sources

Barthes, Roland. “The Death of the Author.” In Image, Music, Text, 142–48. London: Fontana, 1877.

Foucault, Michel. “What Is an Author?” In The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology, 299–314. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Bajohr, Hannes. “The Deixis of Literature: On the Conditions for Recognizing Computers as Authors.” Orbis Litterarum 79, no. 4 (2024): 309–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/oli.12450.

Beals, Kurt. “What Is an Artificial Author?” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092844.

Gastaldi, Juan Luis. “Why Can Computers Understand Natural Language?” Philosophy & Technology 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 149–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00393-9.

Readings for Presentation

Dwivedi, Yogesh K., Nir Kshetri, Laurie Hughes, Emma Louise Slade, Anand Jeyaraj, Arpan Kumar Kar, Abdullah M. Baabdullah, et al. “Opinion Paper: ‘So What If ChatGPT Wrote It?’ Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Opportunities, Challenges and Implications of Generative Conversational AI for Research, Practice and Policy.” International Journal of Information Management 71 (August 1, 2023): 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642.

Doshi, Anil R., and Oliver P. Hauser. “Generative AI Enhances Individual Creativity but Reduces the Collective Diversity of Novel Content.” Science Advances 10, no. 28 (July 12, 2024): eadn5290. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290.

Gulumbe, Bashar Haruna, Shuaibu Muhammad Audu, and Abubakar Muhammad Hashim. “Balancing AI and Academic Integrity: What Are the Positions of Academic Publishers and Universities?” AI & SOCIETY, April 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01946-8.

6. What is Generative AI Art?

Grund, Matthias. “A Short History of (Generative) AI Art.” Cologne: Köln International School of Design, 2023.

Steyerl, Hito. “Mean Images.” New Left Review 140/141 (June 2023): 82–97.

Read these threads by Roland Meyer: https://x.com/bildoperationen/status/1641330970350477312

Optional

Somaini, Antonio. “Film, Media, and Visual Culture Studies, and the Challenge of Machine Learning.” NECSUS, 2021. https://necsus-ejms.org/film-media-and-visual-culture-studies-and-the-challenge-of-machine-learning/.

Brown, Kate. “Hito Steyerl on Why NFTs and A.I. Image Generators Are Really Just ‘Onboarding Tools’ for Tech Conglomerates.” Artnet News, March 10, 2023. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/these-renderings-do-not-relate-to-reality-hito-steyerl-on-the-ideologies-embedded-in-a-i-image-generators-2264692.

Uliasz, Rebecca. “On the Truth Claims of Deepfakes: Indexing Images and Semantic Forensics.” MAST: The Journal of Media Art Study and Theory 3, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.59547/26911566.3.1.04.

Readings for Presentation

Somaini, Antonio. “Algorithmic Images: Artificial Intelligence and Visual Culture.” Grey Room, no. 93 (2023): 74–115. https://doi.org/10.1162/grey_a_00383.

Bajohr, Hannes. “Operative Ekphrasis: The Collapse of the Text/Image Distinction in Multimodal AI.” Word & Image 40, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/02666286.2024.2330335.

Mitchell, WJT. “Word and Image.” In Critical Terms for Art History, edited by Robert Nelson and Richard Shiff, 47–57. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1996.

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, and Edward Allen McCormick. Laocoön: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., n.d.

7. Machine Vision

Zylinska, Joanna. “Diffused Seeing: The Epistemological Challenge of Generative AI.” Media Theory 8, no. 1 (June 11, 2024): 229–58.

Dobson, James E. “Objective Vision: Confusing the Subject of Computer Vision.” Social Text 41, no. 3 (156) (September 1, 2023): 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-10613653.

Optional

Dobson, James. The Birth of Computer Vision. Minneapolis: University of minnesota press, 2023. https://www.upress.umn.edu/9781517914219/the-birth-of-computer-vision/.

Paglen, Trevor. “Invisible Images: Your Pictures Are Looking at You.” Architectural Design 89, no. 1 (2019): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2383.

Readings for Presentation

Foster, Hal, ed. Vision and Visuality. Seattle: Bay Press, 1988.

Boutet de Monvel, Violaine. “Cybernetic Subjectivities on a Loop: From Video Feedback to Generative AI,” 2023. https://necsus-ejms.org/cybernetic-subjectivities-on-a-loop-from-video-feedback-to-generative-ai/.

8. Visuality in an age of Generative Adversarial Networks

Meyer, Roland. “The New Value of the Archive: AI Image Generation and the Visual Economy of ‘Style.’” IMAGE 37 (2023). https://image-journal.de/the-new-value-of-the-archive/.

Offert, Fabian, and Thao Phan. “A Sign That Spells: DALL-E 2, Invisual Images and The Racial Politics of Feature Space.” arXiv, October 26, 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.06323.

Hu, Tung-Hui. “Artificial Bloom.” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 429–33. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575232.

Optional

Azar, Mitra, Geoff Cox, and Leonardo Impett. “Introduction: Ways of Machine Seeing.” AI & SOCIETY 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01124-6.

Manovich, Lev, and Emanuele Arielli. Artificial Aesthetics: Generative AI, Art, and Visual Media, 2021. http://www.manovich.net.

Manovich, Lev. Unreliable Memories. Évora, Portugal: Centro de Arte e Cultura, 2024.

Paglen, Trevor. Adversarially Evolved Hallucinations. Edited by Anthony Downey. Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2024.

Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. “Attention Is All You Need.” In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 6000–6010. NIPS’17. Red Hook (NY): Curran Associates Inc., 2017.

Offert, Fabian. “On the Concept of History (in Foundation Models).” IMAGE. Zeitschrift Für Interdisziplinäre Bildwissenschaft 19, no. 1 (2023): 121–34. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/22316.

Select Lecture Sources

Lehmuskallio, Asko, and Roland Meyer. “Experimental Indices: Situational Assemblages of Facial Recognition.” The Journal of Media Art Study and Theory 3, no. 1 (2022): 85–112.

Crawford, Kate, and Trevor Paglen. “Excavating AI: The Politics of Images in Machine Learning Training Sets,” September 19, 2019. https://excavating.ai.

9. The Age of the World Screen 

Gil-Fournier, Abelardo, and Jussi Parikka. “Ground Truth to Fake Geographies: Machine Vision and Learning in Visual Practices.” AI & SOCIETY 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1253–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01062-3.

Richardson, Michael, and Anna Munster. “Pluralising the Planetary: The Radical Incompleteness of Machinic Envisioning.” Media+Environment 5, no. 1 (November 8, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1525/001c.87980.

Optional

Natale, Simone, and Leah Henrickson. “The Lovelace Effect: Perceptions of Creativity in Machines.” New Media & Society 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 1909–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221077278.

Jagoda, Patrick. “Artificial Intelligence in Video Games.” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 435–38. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575246.

Siegert, Bernhard. “The Map Is the Territory.” Radical Philosophy, no. 169 (October 2011): 13–16.

Bazdyrieva, Asia, Bryan Norton, and Jussi Parikka. “Earth as Image and Operation.” Journal of Visual Culture 22, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 202–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/14704129231218185.

Select Lecture Sources

McKim, Joel. “Deep Learning the City: The Spatial Imaginaries of AI.” In Seeing the City Digitally: Processing Urban Space and Time, edited by Gillian Rose, 35–56. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2022.

Muhr, Paula. “The ‘Cartographic Impulse’ and Its Epistemic Gains in the Process of Iteratively Mapping M87’s Black Hole.” Media+Environment 5, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1525/001c.88163.

10. Towards Cyborg Sight 

Steyerl, Hito. “Proxy Politics: Signal and Noise.” Duty Free Art. London: Verso, 2017.

Uliasz, Rebecca. “Seeing like an Algorithm: Operative Images and Emergent Subjects.” AI & Society, September 16, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01067-y.

Optional

Denson, Shane. “From Sublime Awe to Abject Cringe: On the Embodied Processing of AI Art.” Journal of Visual Culture 22, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 146–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/14704129231194136.

Atairu, Minne. “Reimagining Benin Bronzes Using Generative Adversarial Networks.” AI & SOCIETY 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01761-7.

11. The Bizarre, Kooky, and the Weird

Nyce, Caroline Mimbs. “Hot AI Jesus Is Huge on Facebook.” The Atlantic, June 28, 2024. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/06/hot-jesus-ai/678814/.

Koebler, Jason. “Facebook’s Shrimp Jesus, Explained.” 404 Media, March 19, 2024. https://www.404media.co/email/1cdf7620-2e2f-4450-9cd9-e041f4f0c27f/.

Young, Michael. “Enchantment and the Gimmick: Pleasure and Doubt in AI Image Aesthetics.” Architectural Design 94, no. 3 (2024): 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.3052.

Optional

Ngai, Sianne, ed. The Cute. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press, 2022.

Ngai, Sianne. Our Aesthetic Categories: Zany, Cute, Interesting. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 2015.

Fisher, Mark. The Weird and the Eerie. Repeater Books, 2016. https://repeaterbooks.com/product/the-weird-and-the-eerie/.

Further readings

Abel, Luther Ray. “Announcing NR’ss ChatBot: RightWingGPT.” National Review, March 28, 2024. https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/announcing-nrs-chatbot-rightwinggpt/.

Aguera y Arcas, Blaise. “Do Large Language Models Understand Us?” Medium (blog), December 16, 2021. https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-large-language-models-understand-us-6f881d6d8e75.

Alpaydin, Ethem. Machine Learning. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press, 2021.

Altieri, Charles. “Modes of Intelligence.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 207–14. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092791.

Amerika, Mark. My Life as an Artificial Creative Intelligence. Stanford University Press, 2022.

Anwar, Mohammad Amir, and Mark Graham. The Digital Continent: Placing Africa in Planetary Networks of Work. Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2022.

Aradau, Claudia, Tobias Blanke, Claudia Aradau, and Tobias Blanke. Algorithmic Reason: The New Government of Self and Other. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.

Arns, Inke, Eva Birkenstock, Dominik Bönisch, and Francis Hunger, eds. Training the Archive. Cologne: Walther König, 2024.

Bajohr, Hannes. “Algorithmic Empathy: Toward a Critique of Aesthetic AI.” Configurations 30, no. 2 (2022): 203–31.

———. “On Artificial and Post-Artificial Texts: Machine Learning and the Reader’s Expectations of Literary and Non-Literary Writing.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 331–61. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092990.

———. “Thinking with AI: Machine Learning the Humanities.” Dropbox. Accessed July 19, 2024. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bet2dybwsskveq3jqu056/Thinking-with-AI_full_MS_JP_EDIT_1.docx?dl=0&e=2&fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3tCisn-B_vpAZ0sAgSWkh5WPViaseriky-tzzNjZUccL8dGTm2YdG-0hQ_aem_bblPlGNhysu8qhgEW6itag&rlkey=lsok7f4xqjszow4rpq1hyptov.

———. “When in Doubt, Go to the Beach.” In the Moment (blog), June 27, 2023. https://critinq.wordpress.com/2023/06/27/when-in-doubt-go-to-the-beach/.

https://hannesbajohr.de/en/2023/04/08/whoever-controls-language-models-controls-politics/.

———. “Writing at a Distance: Notes on Authorship and Artificial Intelligence.” German Studies Review 47, no. 2 (2024): 315–37.

Baker, Samuel. “AI Narratives: A History of Imaginative Thinking about Intelligent Machines.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 363–66. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11093003.

Biana, Hazel T., and Jeremiah Joven Joaquin. “The Irony of AI in a Low-to-Middle-Income Country.” AI & SOCIETY, January 28, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01855-2.

Birhane, Abeba. “Algorithmic Colonization of Africa.” SCRIPTed 17, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 389–409. https://doi.org/10.2966/scrip.170220.389.

Bjerring, Jens Christian, and Jacob Busch. “Artificial Intelligence and Identity: The Rise of the Statistical Individual.” AI & SOCIETY, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01877-4.

Borkowski, Alex. “ChatGPT’s Use of a Soundalike Scarlett Johansson Reflects a Troubling History of Gender-Stereotyping in Technology.” The Conversation, May 23, 2024. http://theconversation.com/chatgpts-use-of-a-soundalike-scarlett-johansson-reflects-a-troubling-history-of-gender-stereotyping-in-technology-230647.

Boutet de Monvel, Violaine. “Cybernetic Subjectivities on a Loop: From Video Feedback to

Bratton, Benjamin, and Blaise Agüera y Arcas Arcas. “The Model Is The Message.” Noema, July 12, 2022. https://www.noemamag.com/the-model-is-the-message.

Bucher, Taina. If … Then: Algorithmic Power and Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Crawford, Kate. Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021.

Daston, Lorraine. Rules: A Short History of What We Live By. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022.

DeGeurin, Mack. “AI Trained on AI Churns out Gibberish Garbage.” Popular Science, July 25, 2024. https://www.popsci.com/technology/ai-trained-on-ai-gibberish/.

Demaidi, Mona Nabil. “Artificial Intelligence National Strategy in a Developing Country.” AI & SOCIETY, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01779-x.

Dhaliwal, Ranjodh Singh. “What Do We Critique When We Critique Technology?” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 2023): 305–19. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575091.

Donahue, Evan. “All the Microworld’s a Stage: Realism in Interactive Fiction and Artificial Intelligence.” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 2023): 229–54. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575049.

Doshi, Anil R., and Oliver P. Hauser. “Generative AI Enhances Individual Creativity but Reduces the Collective Diversity of Novel Content.” Science Advances 10, no. 28 (July 12, 2024): eadn5290. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290.

Duede, Eamon, and Richard Jean So. “The Humanistic Case for AI Optimism.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092805.

Elam, Michele. “Poetry Will Not Optimize; or, What Is Literature to AI?” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 2023): 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575077.

Elkins, Katherine. “AI Comes for the Author.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 267–74. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092884.

Ellis, Matthew. “Index’s Limit.” Parapraxis. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.parapraxismagazine.com/articles/index-limit.

Evron, Nir. “LLMs and the Amazing Shrinking University.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 317–24. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092964.

Evron, Nir, and Roi Tartakovsky. “The AI Revolution: Speculations on Authorship, Pedagogy, and the Future of the Profession.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 189–95. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092765.

Finn, Ed. “Applied Poetics.” Poetics Today 45, no. 2 (June 2024): 251–58. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-11092857.

Fischbach, Fabian, Tijs Vandemeulebroucke, and Aimee van Wynsberghe. “Mind Who’s Testing: Turing Tests and the Post-Colonial Imposition of Their Implicit Conceptions of Intelligence.” AI & SOCIETY, October 31, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01796-w.

Franklin, Seb. “Data/Dispossession.” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 2023): 321–35. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575105.

Goldsmith, Kenneth. Uncreative Writing: Managing Language in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.

Graham, Mark, ed. Digital Economies at Global Margins. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, co-published with IDRC, 2019.

Grobe, Christopher. “Can the Computer Speak?” American Literature 95, no. 2 (June 2023): 439–43. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-10575260.

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