New possibility of studying how Alzheimer's disease affects the brain at different ages
Alzheimer’s disease can lead to several widely divergent symptoms and, so far, its various expressions have mainly been observed through the behaviour and actions of patients. Researchers at Lund University in Sweden have now produced images showing the changes in the brain associated with these symptoms – a development which increases knowledge and could facilitate future diagnostics and treatment.
The picture shows representative patterns of tau protein accumulation as assessed with positron emission tomography in patients with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, before 65 years (left), and late-onset, after 65 (right). lllustration: Annie Hallén/Michael Schöll.
Symptoms vary in cases of Alzheimer’s disease and often relate to the phase of life in which the disease first occurs. People who become ill before the age of 65 often suffer early on from diminished spatial perception and impaired orientation. Elderly patients more often suffer the symptoms traditionally associated with the disease: above all, memory impairment.
“Now we have a tool which helps us to identify and detect various sub-groups of Alzheimer’s disease. This facilitates the development of drugs and treatments adapted to various forms of Alzheimer’s”, explains Michael Schöll, researcher at University of Gothenburg and Lund University.
Diagnostics could also be facilitated, mainly among younger patients in whom it is particularly difficult to arrive at a correct diagnosis.
Confident in approval for clinical use
The findings, published in the journal Brain, are based on studies of around 60 Alzheimer’s patients at Skåne University Hospital and a control group consisting of 30 people with no cognitive impairment.
Once Alzheimer’s disease has taken hold, it gradually results in the tau protein, present in the brain, forming lumps and destroying the transport routes of the neurons. This can be clearly detected with the new imaging method.
The method includes a device known as a PET camera and a trace substance, a particular molecule, which binds to tau. The imaging method is currently only used in research, where the current study is one of several contributing to increased knowledge about the disease:
“The changes in the various parts of the brain that we can see in the images correspond logically to the symptoms in early onset and late onset Alzheimer’s patients respectively”, explains Oskar Hansson, professor of neurology at Lund University and consultant at Skåne University Hospital.
Oskar Hansson believes that the imaging method will be in clinical use within a few years.
Facts: Tau and beta-amyloid
Tau analysis constitutes a new addition to Alzheimer’s research, which was previously associated with the analysis of another protein in the brain, beta-amyloid. Both methods of analysis have their limitations.
For example, previous studies have shown that the connection between the various Alzheimer’s symptoms and changes in the brain – which were investigated in the current study – cannot be visualised using beta-amyloid analyses.
However, for research into the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease and its precursors, among other things, beta-amyloid studies have advantages and will continue to be important, in Oskar Hansson’s assessment. (Source: Lund University)
Read the article in Brain.
Send an email to Michael Schöll or Oskar Hansson.
Portrait photo: Johan Wingborg